Explain Proved, Disproved and not proved facts and facts which need not to be proved

"Fact" – "Fact" means and includes- (1) Anything, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the sense; (2) Any mental condition of which any person is conscious.

Explain Proved, Disproved and not proved facts and facts which need not to be proved

Proved 

It means such evidence as would induce a reasonable man to come to a conclusion. A fact is considered to be a proved fact when after considering all the matter and the evidence, the court believes the statement to exist so much so that a prudent man under normal circumstances will believe that the statement exists. In the case of M. Narsingha Rao VS State of Andhra Pradesh, the Supreme Court held that a fact is said to be proved when after considering the matter before it the court believes it to be true. The standard of proof required is proving beyond a reasonable doubt, yet it need not be absolute.  

Disproved 

A fact is said to be disproved when after considering all the matter and the evidence, the court does not believe the statement to exist or highly doubts its existence so much so that a prudent man under normal circumstances will not believe it to be true. For proving a fact, the burden is always on the person who alleges that the fact is not true. 


Not Proved 

The expression not proved indicates a state of mind in between proved and disproved, when one cannot say whether a fact has been proved or disproved. It is a situation where merely because a fact has not been proved does not mean that it is false. Its falseness can be established only when it is disproved. A fact that is not proved may be true or maybe false. A doubt lingers upon its truthfulness. 

Facts which need not be proved 

This is also known as Judicial Admission.
Facts admitted need not be proved - No fact need be proved in any proceeding, which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, 2. before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings;
Provided that the Court may, in its discretion, require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admission. 

Principle
This section conveys the principle that what is admitted need not be proved. The court has to try the questions on which the parties are at issue, not those on which they have agreed. Admissions are of two kinds, viz.
1) Formal admissions, (judicial admissions), and
2) Informal admissions, (extrajudicial admissions).

Section 17 contains informal admissions or extrajudicial admissions which are made by the parties outside the course of judicial proceedings.
This section is concerned with formal admissions or judicial admissions i.e., admissions during the trial, either at or before the hearing. The advantage underlying this section is that the normal procedure of proving the facts need not be followed and thereby precious time and expense are saved.

For example, A institutes a suit against B for recovery of a sum of Rs. 1,000/- alleged to be borrowed by B on a promissory note. B admits his liability at the hearing. A need not prove the execution of promissory note in view of B’s admission of the fact.
Section 58 classifies the judicial admissions, which require no proof into the following:-
1) Facts which parties or their agents agree to admit at the hearing.
2) Facts which before the hearing they agree to admit in writing, and
3) Facts, which they are deemed to have admitted by rule of pleadings.